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1938 renaming of East Prussian placenames
More than 1,500 East Prussian places were ordered to be renamed by 16 July 1938 following a decree issued by ''Gauleiter'' and ''Oberpräsident'' Erich Koch and initiated by Adolf Hitler. This resulted in the elimination, Germanization, or simplification of a number of Old Prussian names, as well as those Polish or Lithuanian origin. Other areas of the Third Reich were also affected.
==East Prussia==
Placenames in Masuria were occasionally renamed prior to 1938, and indeed even before the Nazi era. In the district of Lötzen 47 percent of all villages had already been renamed in the Weimar Republic and another 36 percent after 1933.〔 A systematic renaming campaign was prepared after Koch issued the corresponding order on 25 August 1937.〔The order was republished by the ''Publikationsstelle Berlin-Dahlem'' (PuSte) and is now in the Federal German Archives (Bundesarchiv Berlin), (R 153/390 ): "Erfassung slawischer Ortsnamen im deutschen Reichsgebiet und Pläne zur Umbenennung dieser Orte in deutsche Namen", includes: Oberpräsident Ostpreußen, Königsberg, 25. 8. 1937, betr.: Verdeutschung fremdsprachiger Namen in Ostpreußen, Bezug: Erlaß des Reichs- und Preußischen Minister des Innern vom 6. 7. 1937; cf. Kossert (2003), p. 138.〕 Following this order, the Prussian Ministry of Science, Education and People's Education (''Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung'') set up an expert commission led by Mr Harmjanz (the ''Ministerialrat'' or ministerial adviser).〔 Members included Mr Meyer (a Slavicist from Königsberg), Mr Ziesemer (a Germanist from Königsberg), Mr Falkenhayn (a lecturer, expert in Lithuanian and Old Prussian names) and Max Hein (the director of the Königsberg state archives and expert in names of the Teutonic Order state).〔 Affected were names of villages, water bodies, forests and cadastral districts.〔 In some counties up to 70% of the placenames had been changed by 16 July 1938.〔
After World War II the local populace fled or was expelled. The modern Polish names were determined by the Commission for the Determination of Place Names. The names invented in 1938 remain in official use in Germany.〔Andreas Kossert, Masuren - Ostpreußens vergessener Süden, p. 323〕
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